1. Bosch Battery Tester Bat 121 Manual Dexterity 2
2. Bosch Battery Tester Bat 121 Manual Dexterity For Toddlers

Item MetadataTitleReview and bibliography of studies of manual and mechanical aptitudeCreatorPublisherUniversity of British ColumbiaDate Issued1948DescriptionThis report presents a review and bibliography of the work which has been done in the fields of manual and mechanical aptitude up to and including July, 1948. All studies in these areas which have been mentioned in the Psychological Abstracts, as well as a number of others which were published prior to 1926, are listed in the bibliography. The more significant of these investigations have been selected for review.The bibliography contains 830 references, of which approximately 500 deal with mechanical aptitude and 300 with manual aptitude. The remaining works listed, while of a more general nature, are studies which have proved useful to investigators in the fields under consideration.Both manual and mechanical aptitudes are discussed with reference to (1) theory, (2) relationships with other traits, (5) development of tests, (4) use of tests in vocational selection, and (5) contributions from European and other countries.

British and American theories are compared and contrasted. The relationships between manual and mechanical aptitudes, on the one hand, and such traits as age, sex, and intelligence, on the other, are briefly considered. The subsections entitled 'Tests' review the development of various testing procedures. Some attempt has been made to classify these, on the basis of the apparatus used and the type of ability required. Mechanical aptitude tests, for example, may be either performance or pencil and paper tests, and many require one or more of such varied abilities as the accurate perception of spatial relationships, a knowledge of mechanical principles, and the ability to assemble mechanical objects. Most British investigators prefer to consider tests of assembly under the heading of manual dexterity, wherever either the tests or descriptions thereof were available to the reviewer, they have been briefly described. The use of tests of manual and mechanical aptitude for purposes of vocational selection is discussed at some length.

It was found that tests have been devised for a vast number of skilled trades, in addition to several of the professions, particularly dentistry and engineering. In the case of mechanical aptitude, tests have been included in guidance as well as in selection programs.Finally, under the fifth heading, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relative contributions of countries other than the United States and Great Britain.

The contributions of the countries most prolific in these fields are considered separately. In Europe, until about 1940, Germany led in the number of investigations reported in the Psychological Abstracts, with France and Italy next in line.

However, by the beginning of the second world war, Russian studies were becoming quite numerous, and, at present, Russia appears to be approaching the position of dominance once held by Germany.The review terminates with a brief resume under the heading 'Summary and Conclusions'. It is concluded that adequate studies are still lacking in many areas, and that the principal needs are more careful definition of the jobs studied and the securing of adequate criteria to determine the validity of manual and mechanical aptitude tests.SubjectGenreTypeLanguageengDate Available2012-03-08ProviderVancouver: University of British Columbia LibraryRightsFor non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use.DOI10.14288/1.0106863URIDegreeProgramAffiliationDegree GrantorUniversity of British ColumbiaCampusScholarly LevelGraduateAggregatedSourceRepositoryDSpaceDownloadMedia 6.24MB MetadataJSON:JSON-LD:RDF/XML (Pretty):RDF/JSON:Turtle:N-Triples:Original Record:Full Text CitationFull Text. Review and Bibliography of Studies of Manual an by DORIS GREGORY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT. OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS i n the Department of PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1948 Review and Bibliography of Studies of Manual and Mechanical Aptitude Abstract This report presents a review and bibliography of the work which has been done i n the f i e l d s of manual and mechanical aptitude up to and including July, 1948.

A l l studies i n these areas which have been mentioned i n the Psychological Abstracts, as well as a number of others which were published prior to 1926, are l i s t e d i n the bibliography. The more si g n i -ficant of these investigations have been selected for review. The bibliography contains 830 references, of which approximately 500 deal with mechanical aptitude and 300 with manual aptitude. The re-maining works l i s t e d, while of a more general nature, are studies which have proved useful to investigators i n the f i e l d s under consideration. Both manual and mechanical aptitudes are discussed with reference to (1) theory, (2) relationships with other t r a i t s, (5) development of tests, (4) use of tests i n vocational selection, and (5) contributions from European and other countries. B r i t i s h and American theories are com-pared and contrasted. The relationships between manual and mechanical aptitudes, on the one hand, and such t r a i t s as age, sex, and intelligence, on the other, are b r i e f l y considered.

The subsections entitled 'Tests' review the development of various testing procedures. Some attempt has been made to c l a s s i f y these, on the basis of the apparatus used and the type of a b i l i t y required. Mechanical aptitude tests, for example, may be either performance or pencil and paper tests, and many require one or more of such varied a b i l i t i e s as the accurate perception of spatial relation-ships, a knowledge of mechanical principles, and the a b i l i t y to assemble mechanical objects. Most B r i t i s h investigators prefer to consider tests of assembly under the heading of manual dexterity, wherever either the tests or descriptions thereof were available to the reviewer, they have been b r i e f l y described. The use of tests of manual and mechanical a p t i -tude for purposes of vocational selection i s discussed at some length. It was found that tests have been devised for a vast number of s k i l l e d trades, i n addition to several of the professions, particularly dentistry and engineering. In the esse of mechanical aptitude, tests have been included in guidance as well as i n selection programs.

Finally, under the f i f t h heading, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relative contributions of countries other than the United States and Great Britain. The contributions of the countries most pro-l i f i c i n these fi e l d s are considered separately. In Europe, u n t i l about 1940, Germany led i n the number of investigations reported i n the Psychological Abstracts, with France and Italy next i n l i n e. However, by the beginning of the second world war, Russian studies were becoming quite numerous, and, at present, Russia appears to be approaching the position of dominance once held by Germany. The review terminates with a brief resume under the heading 'Summary and Conclusions'. It i s concluded that adequate studies are s t i l l. L a c k i n g i n many areas, and that the principal needs are more careful definition of the jobs studied and the securing of adequate c r i t e r i a to determine the v a l i d i t y of manual and mechanical aptitude tests.

C O N T E N T S Introduction I I. Measurement of Manual Aptitude. Theories Underlying the Construction of Tests of Manual Aptitude 1 2. The Relationship between Manual Aptitude and Other Traits 2 3. Tests of Manual Aptitude 3 4. The Use of Manual Aptitude Tests i n Vocational Selection 8 5.

Contributions from European and Other Countries. Measurement of Mechanical Aptitude 15 1. Theories Underlying the Construction of Tests of Mechanical Aptitude. The Relationship between Mechanical Aptitude and Other Traits. Tests of Mechanical Aptitude. The Use of Mechanical Aptitude Tests i n Vocational.

Guidance and Selection 26 5. Contributions from European and Other Countries. Summary and Conclusions 57 IV. Bibliography 38 I. A Review and Bibliography of Manual and Mechanical Aptitude INTRODUCTION This report attempts to summarize b r i e f l y the work which has been done i n the f i e l d of manual and mechanical aptitude, up to and including July, 1948. With few exceptions, the information contained herein has been culled from the Psychological Abstracts.

The exceptions include a r t i -cles appearing i n the current journals, the reviews of Toops and Kuder (759), Carter (129), and O'Rourke (528) i n the Review of Educational Research, Hardtke's report (290) on testing for the metalwork trades, Bennett and Cruikshank's 'Summary of Manual and Mechanical A b i l i t y Tests 1 1 (55), and Bingham's analysis and survey of the general subject of a p t i -tude measurement (70). None of these studies was f e l t to be sufficiently wide in scope to eliminate the necessity of searching the Psychological Abstracts for the period covered. The reviews contained i n the Review of Educational Research, for example, are admittedly selective rather than exhaustive (129,page 53), and neither Bingham nor Bennett and Cruikshank deal with European tests and procedures. No attempt has been made to include i n this summary references to a l l of the items l i s t e d i n the appended bibliography, for i n many cases the material i n the Psychological Abstracts was insufficient to serve as a basis for discussion. The items mentioned are those which were f e l t to be particularly significant and concerning which there was available a reason-able amount of information. The report here presented touches upon the more outstanding studies, while the bibliography i t s e l f i s intended to be thoroughly comprehensive. MEASUREMENT OF MANUAL APTITUDE 1.

Theories Underlying the Construction of Tests of Manual Aptitude Most investigators i n this f i e l d are opposed to a theory of general motor a b i l i t y. The independence of s k i l l s measured i n eight s e r i a l motor performance tests, as demonstrated by Seashore (648), argues i n favour of specific s k i l l s, although a later study by the same writer (651) indicates that there are certain group factors, or areas within which tests of manual aptitude are related to some extent. Telford and Spangler (741) found correlations between speed of tapping, steadiness of movement, and scores on a tracing board too low to suggest the presence of a general motor factor. Similar conclusions were reached by Buxton and Humphreys (114). Griffi t h s (276) gave ten tests of motor a b i l i t y to sixty college men, ob-taining inter-test correlations most of which were below.40. Freeman's results (228) likewise support a theory of specific s k i l l s. Gates and Scott (259) consider that motor speed i s as highly specialized i n young children as i n adults, but Bayley (44) i s of the opinion that motor a b i l i t i e s are probably more closely related to each other i n the former case.'

A theory of general motor a b i l i t y i s not, however, entirely without i t s supporters. Among these are Langdon (409), who feels that there may.be a common motor element entering into a. Number of manual dexterity tests, and Cox (152,153) who contends that a group factor of manual s k i l l i s i n -volved i n a l l manual tasks of any complexity. In a study of f i v e tests of motor s k i l l, McNemar (504) obtained evidence of a small general factor, the significance of which increased with practice. On the other hand, Buxton and Humphreys (114) found that correlations between scores on two tapping tests declined with practice. It i s suggested by Campbell (118) that the absence of a general motor a b i l i t y, indicated in some studies, may be due (2) to the difference i n the cognitive processes of discrimination required by the performances, 2.

The Relationship between Manual Aptitude and Other Traits Both Pear (548) and Fuchs and Tinkelman (232) were unable to discover any great degree of relationship between intelligence and motor a b i l i t y i n.adults. Although Karr (365) obtained evidence to indicate that motor a b i l i t y of nursery school children i s related to both chronological age and intelligence, Gates and Scott (239) i n s i s t that the correlation between motor dexterity and intelligence i s no higher i n children than i n adults. In comparing the manual dexterity of normal and of mentally defective c h i l -dren, Holman (330) discovered that, while the performance of the defectives was originally inferior to that of the normals, the difference became non-significant after four days practice, and disappeared almost entirely by the end of three weeks practice, Kiefer (377) found negligible differences between the motor test scores of children of average intelligence and those of children possessing superior mental a b i l i t y. The tests used by Kiefer i n this study included tensimeter, tapping, steadiness, and strength of grip tests. Some disagreement exists concerning sex differences i n manual a p t i -tude. Bousfield (84) found g i r l s s l i g h t l y superior to boys i n the freehand duplication of geometrical figures, Earle and Gaw (185) suggest that g i r l s excel i n the independent control of a l l fingers, whereas boys do best i n tests requiring strength and speed of movement. Husband and Ludden (543), on the other hand, were unable to discover any particular differences bet-ween men and women on five of Seashore's tests.

However, recent studies by Steel, Balinsky and Lang (706), and the Foxboro Company (220) reveal significant sex differences i n performance on an O'Rourke work-sample and (3) tracking performance, respectively. Several writers have investigated the relationship between manual aptitude and age.

In a comparison of finger tapping i n children and adults, Tinker and Goodenough (754) concluded that there i s a developmental sequence from large to small muscle groups. Smith (684) found a decrease in p r o f i -ciency i n a repetitive manual task (assembling and re-assembling two nuts and bolts) after the age of 30 years. The only available study on manual aptitude i n old age i s that of Kubo (393), who found a definite decline i n peg insertion and grip, and a less marked decline i n rate of tapping, from the age of 70 onwards.

Two investigators have compared the performance of deaf and hearing persons on a number of tests. While Long (436) i s of the opinion that these two classes of individuals do not d i f f e r widely in motor a b i l i t y i n general, the results obtained by Morsh (486) indicate definite superiority of the deaf on steadiness tests. Seashore (642, 643) has analyzed the relationship of fine and gross motor a b i l i t i e s. He concludes that there i s no general interrelationship. An interesting study, and apparently the only one of i t s kind, i s that of G r i f f i t t s (277) concerning the relation between anthropometric measures and manual dexterity. Here, also, l i t t l e relationship was found.

Tests of Manual Aptitude One of the earliest investigators i n this f i e l d was Whipple (808), whose manual Includes descriptions of tapping and steadiness tests. In most of the tapping tests, the subject taps as rapidly as possible with a stylus on a metal plate. The steadiness test described by Whipple involves the holding of a stylus, for f i f t e e n seconds at a time, i n one hole after another of a series of holes of decreasing diameter i n a brass plate. (4) As Bingham (70, page 122) points out, the vocational significance of tapping and steadiness tests i s somewhat obscure.

Kitson (380) suggests that tapping tests, may discriminate between ordinary typists and those of exceptional a b i l i t y, but this relationship he considers of l i t t l e impor-tance for purposes of vocational guidance. In 1930, suggestions for im-provement of steadiness tests were put forward by Heinlein (309), and since then a number of new tests of this type have appeared, notably that of Seashore and Adams (652), i n 1933. More recently, Edwards (190) has des-cribed a new hand steadiness apparatus. A new tapping test has been de-vised by Crider (155), and one of the latest developments i s Finan and Malmo's tapping board (211). The lat t e r authors have also designed a new steadiness box, which i s described i n the same a r t i c l e. Probably the f i r s t test measuring a b i l i t y for the manipulation of small objects was the match-board or pegboard, popularized by Kemble (373).

The standard pegboard contains rows of holes, into which the subject must insert metal pegs or wooden matches. The O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test (318), published i n 1920, i s a modification of this test, i n which the sub-ject i s required to insert cylindrical brass pins, three at a time, into 100 holes spaced half an inch apart i n a metal plate. The O'Connor Tweezer Dexterity (55) i s similar to the Finger Dexterity, except that tweezers are used to pick up the pins, the holes are smaller i n diameter, and only one pin i s inserted i n each hole. Wells (807) attempted to improve the r e l i a b i l i t y of the tweezer test by introducing variations i n procedure. In 1942, two new tests of finger dexterity were described by Zerga (828) and Rusmore (620).

The l a t t e r obtained a r e l i a b i l i t y coefficient of.95 for the R-G Pegboard Test of Finger Dexterity, which consists of placing 100 small pegs i n holes, one at a time, and then removing the pegs, one at (5) a time. Rusmore found a correlation of.62 between t h i s test and O'Connor's Finger Dexterity Test (620). A more recent device, the Purdue Pegboard (123), i s designed to measure dexterity for gross movements of hand, fingers, and arms, as -well as for the -type of movements required i n small assembly work. Additional norms, based on three t r i a l administrations to 456 men, were provided by Long and H i l l (437) i n 1947, and, early this year, Strange and Sartain (717) presented results obtained from applying the test to veterans.

One of the best known tests for measuring gross speed of hand and f i n -ger manipulation of f a i r l y large objects i s the Minnesota Rate of Manipu-lation Test, of which the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test i s an earlier form (55, page 45). In the f i r s t part of this test, 60 blocks are trans-ferred from a position on the table to the appropriate place i n a board containing 60 circular holes. In a second part of the test, the subject i s required to l i f t the blocks from their holes with one hand, and to turn them over and replace them i n the holes with the other.

The Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test involved the use of similar apparatus, except that there were only 58 holes i n the board, but only the f i r s t of the above-mentioned types of manipulation was required. Published i n 1933, the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test i s s t i l l widely used. In 1942, Cook and Barre (145) worked out specialized industrial norms, which differed significantly from the original norms. In the same year, Teegarden (758, 739, 740) included the Minnesota Test i n a battery administered at the Cincinnati Employment Center i n the process of in v e s t i -gating occupational differences i n manipulative performance.

Another set of norms was published i n 1944 by Tuckman (763), who compared his results with those of Teegarden. Changes i n procedure have been introduced by (6) Wilson (812), who substituted the low of three t r i a l s for the sum of four t r i a l s as the index of performance, and Jurgenson (361), who extended the test to include nine procedures (place, right hand; place, l e f t hand; place, both hands simultaneouslyj place, both hands alternately; turn; turn and place, right hand; turn and place, l e f t hand; turn and place, both hands simultaneously; turn and place, both hands alternately). A revised manual of directions for the test appeared i n 1946. Tests purporting to measure a b i l i t i e s not unlike those measured by the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test are reported by Brozek (91), Evans (204), and Crockett (157). Brozek (91) measured the speed of hand and arm movements used in repeatedly dropping a ball-bearing through a six-inch pipe, to which was attached a counter and catch-net. Crockett's test (157) contains three parts: (1) screwing nuts onto bolts of various sizes, and then placing the bolts i n holes of corresponding size; (2) packing a number of small blocks into a box; (3) placing rows of blocks on a s t r i p of wood. Long and Pear (435) have reviewed tests of muscular dex-teri t y up to 1931, Hand-eye coordination tests of different types are discussed by Greene (274), Mowrer (489), Kline (382), Moore (481), Woods and MacDonald (820), Korins (386) and Banister (30), In addition, to tests for shooting and aiming a b i l i t y (28, 27), the latter author has devised a test for hand and eye coordination (30), involving dart throwing at a moving target and b a l l dropping onto a moving target, and a 'timing' test (29), i n which the.

Sub-ject i s required to h i t a moving b a l l with an implement so that i t i s de-flected i n a specified direction. In his study, Korins (386) used a triangular form board with holes i n the corners fiv e millimetres i n diameter (7). and 15 centimetres apart.

Bosch Battery Tester Bat 121 Manual Dexterity 2

The subject was instructed to insert a stylus into the holes, i n a clockwise order, as rapidly as possible. Recently Moore (482) has compared his hand-eye coordination and colour-matching test with other dexterity tests. Kroeger and Henderson (390) advocate the study of overt reactions during performance as a desirable supplement to test scores on the Orinnell Eye-Hand Coordination Test.

Bender (52) has suggested the use of the MacQuarrie Test for Mecha-nica l A b i l i t y as a group test of eye-hand coordination.

Bosch Battery Tester Bat 121 Manual Dexterity For Toddlers

The aim of this study was to assess differences in fundamental motor skills (FMS) proficiency between boys and girls of each age group, independently, across the entire preschool period. Using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–second edition, FMS proficiency was tested in 325 preschoolers (4.9 ± 1.1 y, range 3–6) using a cross-sectional design. Compared to boys of the same age, 3- and 4-year-old girls had greater total (p.